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The multiple valued version of log(z) is a set, but it is easier to write it without braces and using it in formulas follows obvious rules. log(z) is the set of complex numbers v which satisfy e v = z; arg(z) is the set of possible values of the arg function applied to z. When k is any integer:
The logarithm keys (log for base-10 and ln for base-e) on a typical scientific calculator. The advent of hand-held calculators largely eliminated the use of common logarithms as an aid to computation. The numerical value for logarithm to the base 10 can be calculated with the following identities: [5]
IC 50 is a quantitative measure that indicates how much of a particular inhibitory substance (e.g. drug) is needed to inhibit, in vitro, a given biological process or biological component by 50%. [1] The biological component could be an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microbe. IC 50 values are typically expressed as molar concentration.
Because log(x) is the sum of the terms of the form log(1 + 2 −k) corresponding to those k for which the factor 1 + 2 −k was included in the product P, log(x) may be computed by simple addition, using a table of log(1 + 2 −k) for all k. Any base may be used for the logarithm table. [53]
The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e 1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e 0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/ x from 1 to a [ 4 ] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1 ).
Logarithmic number systems have been independently invented and published at least three times as an alternative to fixed-point and floating-point number systems. [1]Nicholas Kingsbury and Peter Rayner introduced "logarithmic arithmetic" for digital signal processing (DSP) in 1971.
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The apparent dimension of this K value is concentration 1−p−q; this may be written as M (1−p−q) or mM (1−p−q), where the symbol M signifies a molar concentration (1M = 1 mol dm −3). The apparent dimension of a dissociation constant is the reciprocal of the apparent dimension of the corresponding association constant, and vice versa.