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The blood–brain barrier is formed by special tight junctions between endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels. Blood vessels of all tissues contain this monolayer of endothelial cells, however only brain endothelial cells have tight junctions preventing passive diffusion of most substances into the brain tissue. [1]
Drugs with muscarinic antagonist activity are widely used in medicine, in the treatment of low heart rate, overactive bladder, respiratory problems such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and neurological problems such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
While he initially attributed this effect to choline, he later discovered acetylcholine was 100 000 times more potent in lowering blood pressure. [2] Sir Henry Hallett Dale. British physiologist Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875-1968) observed acetylcholine for causing blood vessel dilation and slowing down heart rate. In 1914, Dale noted that the ...
One type of medication used to treat acute migraine is triptans, which ultimately helps constrict blood vessels and block pain signals to improve migraine symptoms.
Anticholinergic drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions: Dizziness (including vertigo and motion sickness-related symptoms) Extrapyramidal symptoms, a potential side-effect of antipsychotic medications; Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., peptic ulcers, diarrhea, pyloro spasm, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, nausea, and vomiting)
Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects. [76] Central nervous system-related side effects and risks of beta blockers may include fatigue , depression , sleep disorders (namely insomnia ) and nightmares , visual ...
The medication is designed to constrict blood vessels, explains Jamie Alan, Ph.D., an associate professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Michigan State University. “In congestion, this will ...
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the build-up of plaque inside your blood vessels. It can lead to stenosis, which is a narrowing of your artery walls. Plaque is a fatty substance made up of: