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Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right.
"Trial", scene 2 from the first act of Einstein on the Beach, composed by Philip Glass Der Prozeß (opera) , a 1953 production with music by Gottfried von Einem and a libretto by Boris Blacher The Trial (2014 opera) , a 2014 production with music by Philip Glass and a libretto by Christopher Hampton
Compurgation, also called trial by oath, wager of law, and oath-helping, was a defence used primarily in medieval law. A defendant could establish his innocence or nonliability by taking an oath and by getting a required number of persons, typically twelve, to swear they believed the defendant's oath.
The story tells of the 29 December 1386 trial by combat (duel) in which the Norman knight Jean de Carrouges dueled Jacques Le Gris, at the time a squire.Carrouges had accused Le Gris of raping his wife, Marguerite de Carrouges, née de Thibouville, some months before.
No combat took place in Ireland; Clancy agreed to plead guilty and was transported for life. [2] It is uncertain when the last trial by battle actually took place in Britain. Some references speak of such a trial being held in 1631, but records indicate that King Charles I intervened to prevent the battle.
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After the Assize of Clarendon trial by jury developed, though some historians say beginnings of the jury system predate this act. [1] The Assize of Clarendon did not lead to this change immediately; recourse to trial by combat was not officially rescinded until 1819, though by then it had fallen out of use.
Trial by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused (called a "proband" [1]) was determined by subjecting them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience.