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Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS or mROS) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced by mitochondria. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Generation of mitochondrial ROS mainly takes place at the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of oxidative phosphorylation .
Under normal physiological conditions, cells control ROS levels by balancing the generation of ROS with their elimination by scavenging systems. But under oxidative stress conditions, excessive ROS can damage cellular proteins, lipids and DNA, leading to fatal lesions in the cell that contribute to carcinogenesis.
While it is unclear how reoxygenation affects intolerant ectotherms at the mitochondrial level, there is some research showing how some of them respond. In the hypoxia-sensitive shovelnose ray (Aptychotrema rostrata), it is shown that ROS production is lower upon reoxygenation compared to rays only exposed to normoxia (normal oxygen levels). [90]
Many algal species have been shown to not only produce reactive oxygen species under normal conditions but to increase production of these compounds under stressful situations. In particular, ROS levels have been shown to be influenced by cell size, cell density, growth stage, light intensity, temperature, and nutrient availability.
The mitochondrial hypothesis was also proposed for the carotid body of mice, but it relies on the levels of oxidative phosphorylation and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as a cue for hypoxia. Specifically, the oxygen sensitive K + currents are inhibited by H 2 O 2 and NADPH oxidase activation. [14]
This protein also possesses an N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence which targets it to the mitochondrial matrix, where it converts mitochondrial-generated reactive oxygen species from the respiratory chain to H2. [6] Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [5]
22227 Ensembl ENSG00000109424 ENSMUSG00000031710 UniProt P25874 P12242 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_021833 NM_009463 RefSeq (protein) NP_068605 NP_033489 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 140.56 – 140.57 Mb Chr 8: 84.02 – 84.03 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is a mitochondrial ...
The theory implicates the mitochondria as the chief target of radical damage, since there is a known chemical mechanism by which mitochondria can produce ROS, mitochondrial components such as mtDNA are not as well protected as nuclear DNA, and by studies comparing damage to nuclear and mtDNA that demonstrate higher levels of radical damage on ...