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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, c. 1275 BCE, ink and pigments on papyrus, in the British Museum (London). After extracting the marrow from the stems of papyrus reed, a series of steps (humidification, pressing, drying, gluing, and cutting) produced media of variable quality, the best being used for sacred writing. [10]
Printed during the Goryeo Dynasty in 1377, it is the world's oldest extant book printed with movable metal type. UNESCO confirmed Jikji as the world's oldest metalloid type in September 2001 and includes it in the Memory of the World Programme. [2]
The 104-page Crosby-Schøyen Codex from Egypt was written by a single scribe over 40 years, dating back to 250–350 AD.
Shang Yang: Book of Lord Shang (Shāng jūn shū) Shizi: Book of Master Shi; Guiguzi: Sage of Ghost Valley; Huangdi Sijing: Yellow Emperor's Four Classics; Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven (Mù Tiānzǐ Zhuàn) Wuzi: Wu Qi's Art of War; Sun Bin's Art of War (Sūn Bìn Bīngfǎ) The Methods of the Sima (Sīmǎ Fǎ) Li Kui: Book of Law; Persian ...
The Spitzer Manuscript is the oldest surviving philosophical manuscript in Sanskrit, [2] [3] and possibly the oldest discovered Sanskritic manuscript of any type related to Buddhism and Hinduism. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ note 1 ] The manuscript was found in 1906 in the form of a pile of more than 1,000 palm leaf fragments in the Ming-oi, Kizil Caves ...
The author who had the laws written onto cuneiform tablets is still somewhat under dispute. Some scholars have attributed it to Ur-Nammu's son Shulgi. [8] Although it is known that earlier law-codes existed, such as the Code of Urukagina, this represents the earliest extant legal text. It is three centuries older than the Code of Hammurabi.
Gutenberg Bible in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. The Gutenberg Bible is an edition of the Vulgate, a Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and the Greek New Testament by St Jerome.