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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein that transport all fat molecules around the body in extracellular water. [1] These groups, from least dense to most dense, are chylomicrons (aka ULDL by the overall density naming convention), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL ...
Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid [7] and vitamin D. Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, especially when bound to low-density lipoprotein (LDL, often referred to as "bad cholesterol"), may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. [8]
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver. [1] VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream.
Remnant cholesterol is the cholesterol content of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, which consist of very low-density lipoproteins and intermediate-density lipoproteins with chylomicron remnants. [2] [5] Remnant cholesterol is primarily chylomicron and VLDL, and each remnant particle contains about 40 times more cholesterol than LDL. [6]
Lipoprotein(a) (LPA) is a lipoprotein particle of a certain phenotype; High-density lipoproteins (HDL) collect fat molecules from the body's cells/tissues and take them back to the liver. HDLs are sometimes referred to as "good" lipoprotein because higher concentrations correlate with low rates of atherosclerosis progression and/or regression.
In humans, excess cholesterol in the blood is captured by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and removed by the liver via endocytosis of the LDL receptor. [4] Recent evidence indicates that the members of the LDL receptor gene family are active in the cell signalling pathways between specialized cells in many, if not all, multicellular organisms.
Due to the positive functions of HDL cholesterol, a low level indicates dyslipidemia and is a risk factor for complications. [1] Another diagnostic test that is often reviewed is LDL cholesterol. [6] Low density lipoproteins are made up of cholesterol, TG, phospholipids, and apolipoproteins. [7]
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Total triglycerides; Total cholesterol; LDL is not usually actually measured, but calculated from the other three using the Friedewald equation. [1] A laboratory can optionally calculate the two extra values from the report: Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) Cholesterol:HDL ratio