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Executive functions include basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (e.g., reasoning and problem-solving).
Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory. In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch [11] introduced the multicomponent model of working memory.The theory proposed a model containing three components: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad with the central executive functioning as a control center of sorts, directing info between the phonological and visuospatial ...
Working Memory: Ability to hold information when completing a task, when encoding information, or when generating goals/plans in a sequential manner. Plan/Organize: Ability to anticipate future events; to set goals; to develop steps; to grasp main ideas; to organize and understand the main points in written or verbal presentations.
The tests are used by clinical neuropsychologists to assess executive functioning in people with neurological disorders such as tumors, [2] strokes, [3] acquired brain injury, [1] [4] Parkinson's disease, [5] dementia, [5] [3] Korsakoff's syndrome, [6] [3] encephalitis, [7] and also psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia.
Understanding how memory functions in children and adolescents might lead to more effective teaching strategies in the classroom. Executive functioning skills are the cognitive skills a child or teenager can exert over other cognitive processes to direct attention and achieve goals. Working memory is one subset of executive functioning.
An example of this is the working memory model. This includes the central executive, phonologic loop, episodic buffer, visuospatial sketchpad, verbal information, long-term memory, and visual information. [2] The central executive is like the secretary of the brain. It decides what needs attention and how to respond.
The Das–Naglieri cognitive assessment system (CAS) test is an individually administered test of cognitive functioning for children and adolescents ranging from 5 through 17 years of age that was designed to assess the planning, attention, simultaneous and successive cognitive processes as described in the PASS theory of intelligence.
The information is then encoded to the long-term memory, where the information is then stored. The information can be retrieved when necessary using the central executive. The central executive can be understood as the conscious mind. The central executive can pull information from the long-term memory back to the working memory for its use.