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Diosgenin, a phytosteroid sapogenin, is the product of hydrolysis by acids, strong bases, or enzymes of saponins, extracted from the tubers of Dioscorea wild yam species, such as the Kokoro. It is also present in smaller amounts in a number of other species.
The natural, plant-derived progesterone creams sold over the counter contain too little progesterone to be effective. Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) extract creams are not effective since the natural progesterone present in the extract is not bioavailable. [27]
There is little modern clinical research on Dioscorea villosa, and the one study of a wild yam-containing cream for menopausal symptoms failed to find any value from this therapy. [18] According to the American Cancer Society , there is no evidence to support wild yam or diosgenin being either safe or effective in humans.
However, a number have been identified, including kaempferol, diosgenin (found in yam), apigenin (found in chasteberry), [1] [3] naringenin, and syringic acid, among others. [2] In addition, 3,8-dihydrodiligustilide from Ligusticum chuanxiong is a potent progestogen ( EC 50 = 90 nM), whereas riligustilide is a weak progestogen (EC 50 ≈ 81 μM).
Creams are often marketed with such language, Barbieri says, adding that they may contain a version of progesterone made in a lab using a compound in yams, she says.
Adverse effects can also occur in the urinary, central or peripheral nervous, or musculoskeletal systems. [35] A review of clinical trials studying bioidentical progesterone use found that it was ineffective in managing vasomotor symptoms of menopause, but had mild and self-limiting side effects. [36]