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Certain lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are used as psychiatric medication, [5] primarily for bipolar disorder and for major depressive disorder. [5] Lithium is taken orally (by mouth). [5] Common side effects include increased urination, shakiness of the hands, and increased thirst. [5]
Potential side effects from lithium include gastrointestinal upset, tremor, sedation, excessive thirst, frequent urination, cognitive problems, impaired motor coordination, hair loss, and acne. [3] Excessive levels of lithium can be harmful to the kidneys, and increase the risk of side effects in general.
Lithium citrate was removed from 7Up in 1948 [5] after the Food and Drug Administration banned its use in soda. [6] Lithium citrate is used as a mood stabilizer and is used to treat mania, hypomania, depression and bipolar disorder. [7] It can be administered orally in the form of a syrup. [7]
The global estimated lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder among adults range from 1 to 3 percent. [63] The annual incidence is estimated to vary from 0.3 to 1.2 percent worldwide. [ 23 ] According to the World Mental Health Survey Initiative, the lifetime prevalence of BP-II was found to be 0.4%, with a 12-month prevalence of 0.3%. [ 64 ]
[18] [46] The reason for this combination is the therapeutic delay of the aforementioned mood stabilizers (for valproate therapeutic effects are usually seen around five days after treatment is commenced whereas lithium usually takes at least a week [46] before the full therapeutic effects are seen) and the comparatively rapid antimanic effects ...
Lamotrigine may have a similar effectiveness to lithium for treating bipolar disorder, however, there is evidence to suggest that lamotrigine is less effective at preventing recurrent mania episodes. [151] Lamotrigine treatment has been shown to be safer compared to lithium treatment, with less adverse effects.