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  2. Circular flow of income - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_flow_of_income

    The four-sector model adds the foreign sector to the three-sector model. [17] [18] [23] (The foreign sector is also known as the "external sector," the "overseas sector," [19] or the "rest of the world.") Thus, the four-sector model includes (1) households, (2) firms, (3) government, and (4) the rest of the world. It excludes the financial sector.

  3. Production planning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_Planning

    Production planning is the future of production. It can help in efficient manufacturing or setting up of a production site by facilitating required needs. [2] A production plan is made periodically for a specific time period, called the planning horizon. It can comprise the following activities:

  4. Circular economy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy

    A circular economy (also referred to as circularity or CE) [1] is a model of resource production and consumption in any economy that involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible.

  5. Rostow's stages of growth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostow's_stages_of_growth

    Rostow's model is descendent from the liberal school of economics, emphasizing the efficacy of modern concepts of free trade and the ideas of Adam Smith.It also denies Friedrich List’s argument that countries reliant on exporting raw materials may get “locked in”, and be unable to diversify, in that Rostow's model states that countries may need to depend on a few raw material exports to ...

  6. Economic transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_transformation

    Economic transformation can be measured through production/value-added measures and trade-based measures. Production-based measures include: (1) sector value added and employment data, to show productivity gaps between sectors; and (2) firm-level productivity measures, to examine average productivity levels of firms within one sector.

  7. Input–output model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input–output_model

    The model depicts inter-industry relationships within an economy, showing how output from one industrial sector may become an input to another industrial sector. In the inter-industry matrix, column entries typically represent inputs to an industrial sector, while row entries represent outputs from a given sector.

  8. Economic sector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector

    Three sectors according to Fourastié Clark's sector model. One classical breakdown of economic activity distinguishes three sectors: [1] Primary: involves the retrieval and production of raw-material commodities, such as corn, coal, wood or iron. Miners, farmers and fishermen are all workers in the primary sector.

  9. Value chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_chain

    A value chain is a progression of activities that a business or firm performs in order to deliver goods and services of value to an end customer.The concept comes from the field of business management and was first described by Michael Porter in his 1985 best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.