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This is likely due to several effects of smoking on the immune response including decreased wound healing, suppression of antibody production, and the reduction of phagocytosis by neutrophils [59] Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (also known as palmoplantar keratoderma) are also risk factors for periodontitis.
There is a relationship between smoking tobacco and periodontal disease, wound healing and oral cancers. [15] Nicotine, the major pharmacologically active ingredient in tobacco smoke, lessens a host's ability to defend against bacterial invasion induced by plaque. [citation needed] It is also the ingredient responsible for addiction. [16]
Smoking is a generalized risk factor for generalized forms of aggressive periodontitis. Studies found that smokers have more affected teeth than non-smokers and high levels of attachment loss. This is due to the suppression of serum IgG2 and antibody against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans found in smokers. [16]
An abscess is a localized collection of pus which forms during an acute infection. The important difference between a periapical abscess and abscesses of the periodontium are that the latter do not arise from pulp necrosis. [12] Abscesses of the periodontium are categorized as gingival abscess, periodontal abscess and pericoronal abscess.
Smoking is a practice in which a substance is combusted and the resulting smoke is typically inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream of a person. Most commonly, the substance used is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, which have been rolled with a small rectangle of paper into an elongated cylinder called a cigarette.
While the detrimental effects of smoking on soft tissues and organs - such as increased risks of lung, bladder, and throat cancers, as well as stroke and coronary artery disease - are well ...
Smoking cessation has been proven to prevent progression of periodontal disease and to return the oral microflora to a less pathogenic microbial state. [27] Alcohol consumption: more research needs to be conducted in the form of longitudinal studies on the effects of alcohol on the periodontal tissues. However, current studies suggest that ...
Smokeless tobacco keratosis (STK) [4] is a condition which develops on the oral mucosa (the lining of the mouth) in response to smokeless tobacco use. Generally it appears as a white patch, located at the point where the tobacco is held in the mouth.