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Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum (/ ˌ k ɑːr b ə ˈ r ʌ n d əm /), is a hard chemical compound containing silicon and carbon. A wide bandgap semiconductor , it occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite , but has been mass-produced as a powder and crystal since 1893 for use as an abrasive .
The primary application of monocrystalline silicon is in the production of discrete components and integrated circuits.Ingots made by the Czochralski method are sliced into wafers about 0.75 mm thick and polished to obtain a regular, flat substrate, onto which microelectronic devices are built through various microfabrication processes, such as doping or ion implantation, etching, deposition ...
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Wafers grown using materials other than silicon will have different thicknesses than a silicon wafer of the same diameter. Wafer thickness is determined by the mechanical strength of the material used; the wafer must be thick enough to support its own weight without cracking during handling. The tabulated thicknesses relate to when that process ...
The use of polycrystalline silicon in the production of solar cells requires less material and therefore provides higher profits and increased manufacturing throughput. Polycrystalline silicon does not need to be deposited on a silicon wafer to form a solar cell, rather it can be deposited on other, cheaper materials, thus reducing the cost.
Silicon wafer with mirror finish. Most elemental silicon produced remains as a ferrosilicon alloy, and only approximately 20% is refined to metallurgical grade purity (a total of 1.3–1.5 million metric tons/year). An estimated 15% of the world production of metallurgical grade silicon is further refined to semiconductor purity. [79]