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An outcome measure, endpoint, effect measure or measure of effect is a measure within medical practice or research, (primarily clinical trials) which is used to assess the effect, both positive and negative, of an intervention or treatment. [1] [2] Measures can often be quantified using effect sizes. [3]
Interventions can be direct (e.g. medication) or indirect (e.g. change in the process of health care like integration care by different specialists). Some definitions of health outcomes measurement stipulate that the population or group has to be defined (different outcomes are expected for different people & conditions).
There are efforts to define core sets of patient-relevant outcome variables to be measured in clinical trials in general [28] and for multi-modal pain therapy. [29] Meanwhile, a core outcome measure set based on PROMS was developed with routine data and validated for operationalizing success in multimodal pain therapy. [30]
Clinical endpoints or clinical outcomes are outcome measures referring to occurrence of disease, symptom, sign or laboratory abnormality constituting a target outcome in clinical research trials. The term may also refer to any disease or sign that strongly motivates withdrawal of an individual or entity from the trial, then often termed a ...
The minimal important difference (MID) or minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is the smallest change in a treatment outcome that an individual patient would identify as important and which would indicate a change in the patient's management.
Behavioral health outcome management (BHOM) involves the use of behavioral health outcome measurement data to help guide and inform the treatment of each individual patient. Like blood pressure, cholesterol and other routine lab work that helps to guide and inform general medical practice, the use of routine measurement in behavioral health is ...
In some studies, attainment of HEDIS measures is associated with cost-effective practices or with better health outcomes. In a 2002 study, HEDIS measures "generally reflect[ed] cost-effective practices". [11] A 2003 study of Medicare managed care plans determined that plan-level health outcomes were associated with HEDIS measures. [12]
Improper reporting of health related outcomes: Many hospitals/healthcare providers do not properly report outcomes creating bias in studies. Lack of interpretability of measures/incorporation into clinical practice: Clinicians must be educated about the usefulness of outcome measures, and outcome measures must be easy to include into daily ...