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In humans, the calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bones and the largest bone of the foot. Its long axis is pointed forwards and laterally. [2] The talus bone, calcaneus, and navicular bone are considered the proximal row of tarsal bones. [3] In the calcaneus, several important structures can be distinguished: [3]
Skeleton of foot. Lateral aspect. The lateral arch is composed of the calcaneus, the cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsals. [1]Two notable features of this arch are its solidity and its slight elevation.
The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones. [3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones.
The plantar calcaneonavicular ligamentous complex is a broad and thick band with three constituent ligaments. These connect the anterior margin of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the plantar surface of the navicular bone.
The Achilles tendon is also known as the "tendo calcaneus" (Latin for "calcaneal tendon"). [9] Because eponyms (names relating to people) have no relationship to the subject matter, most anatomical eponyms also have scientifically descriptive terms. The term calcaneal comes from the Latin calcaneum, meaning heel.
Failure most often occurred at the proximal attachment to the calcaneus, which is consistent with the usual location of symptoms (i.e. in plantar fasciitis). Complete rupture or surgical release of the plantar fascia leads to a decrease in arch stiffness and a significant collapse of the longitudinal arch of the foot .
There are five ligaments connecting the calcaneus and the cuboid bone, forming parts of the articular capsule: the dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament. [2] part of the bifurcated ligament. [2] the long plantar ligament. [2] and the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament. [2]
The navicular bone is a keystone of the foot: it is part of the coxa pedis and articulates with the talus, first, second and third cuneiform, cuboid and calcaneus. It plays an important role in the biomechanics of the foot, helping in inversion, eversion, and motion; it is a structural link between midfoot and forefoot and it is part of the ...