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Dental caries can occur on any surface of a tooth that is exposed to the oral cavity, but not the structures that are retained within the bone. [ 22 ] Tooth decay is caused by biofilm (dental plaque) lying on the teeth and maturing to become cariogenic (causing decay).
Back teeth showing fissure system. Dental caries is an upset of the balance between loss and gain of minerals from a tooth surface. [3] The loss of minerals from the teeth occurs from the bacteria within the mouth, fermenting foods and producing acids, whereas the tooth gains minerals from our saliva and fluoride that is present within the mouth. [3]
Class III Caries affecting proximal surfaces of centrals, laterals, and cuspids. Class IV Caries affecting proximal including incisal edges of anterior teeth. Class V Caries affecting gingival 1/3 of facial or lingual surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth. Class VI Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and cuspids.
The enamel surface is strong enough to withstand repeated tooth polishing, but it should be avoided on newly erupted teeth, exposed root surfaces and areas of demineralization. If polishing does occur on these surfaces, fluoride therapy can minimize the risk of dental caries.
It begins at the surface, and may progress into either cavitation (tooth decay) or erosion (tooth wear). Tooth decay demineralization is caused by acids from bacteria in the dental plaque biofilm whilst tooth wear is caused by acids from non-bacterial sources. These can be extrinsic in source, such as carbonated drinks, or intrinsic acids ...
[39] [40] Curettes are mainly used to remove subgingival calculus, smooth root surfaces and to clean out periodontal pockets. [39] [43] Curettes can be divided into two subgroups: universals and area specific instruments. Universal curettes can be used in multiple areas, while area specific instruments are designed for select tooth surfaces. [40]
Fluoride catalyzes the diffusion of calcium and phosphate into the tooth surface, which in turn remineralizes the crystalline structures in a dental cavity. The remineralized tooth surfaces contain fluoridated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite , which resist acid attack much better than the original tooth did. [ 31 ]
A 1930s poster from the Work Projects Administration promoting oral hygiene. Tooth decay is the most common global disease. [14] Over 80% of cavities occur inside fissures in teeth where brushing cannot reach food left trapped after eating and saliva and fluoride have no access to neutralize acid and remineralize demineralized teeth, unlike easy-to-clean parts of the tooth, where fewer ...