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The plastic section modulus is calculated as the sum of the areas of the cross section on either side of the PNA, each multiplied by the distance from their respective local centroids to the PNA. [16] = + where: A C is the area in compression A T is the area in tension y C, y T are the distances from the PNA to their centroids. Plastic section ...
The section modulus combines all the important geometric information about a beam's section into one quantity. For the case where a beam is doubly symmetric, c 1 = c 2 {\displaystyle c_{1}=c_{2}} and we have one section modulus S = I / c {\displaystyle S=I/c} .
Consequently, a shear-free zone is created, where the specimen is subjected only to bending. This has the advantage that no additional shear force acts on the specimen, unlike in the 3-point bending test. [6] The bending modulus for a flat specimen is calculated as follows:
In this case, the equation governing the beam's deflection can be approximated as: = () where the second derivative of its deflected shape with respect to (being the horizontal position along the length of the beam) is interpreted as its curvature, is the Young's modulus, is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, and is the internal ...
Flexural modulus measurement For a 3-point test of a rectangular beam behaving as an isotropic linear material, where w and h are the width and height of the beam, I is the second moment of area of the beam's cross-section, L is the distance between the two outer supports, and d is the deflection due to the load F applied at the middle of the ...
Using this equation it is possible to calculate the bending stress at any point on the beam cross section regardless of moment orientation or cross-sectional shape. Note that M y , M z , I y , I z , I y z {\displaystyle M_{y},M_{z},I_{y},I_{z},I_{yz}} do not change from one point to another on the cross section.
Strength depends upon material properties. The strength of a material depends on its capacity to withstand axial stress, shear stress, bending, and torsion.The strength of a material is measured in force per unit area (newtons per square millimetre or N/mm², or the equivalent megapascals or MPa in the SI system and often pounds per square inch psi in the United States Customary Units system).
It is a function of the Young's modulus, the second moment of area of the beam cross-section about the axis of interest, length of the beam and beam boundary condition. Bending stiffness of a beam can analytically be derived from the equation of beam deflection when it is applied by a force.