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In Japan, trends towards adding rail freight shipping are more due to availability of workers rather than other concerns. [citation needed] Rail freight tonnage as a percent of total moved by country: Russia: about 12% in 2016 [23] up 11%; Japan: 5% in 2017 [24] Rail freight ton-milage as a percent of total moved by country: USA: 27.4% in 2020 [25]
Globally, rail freight is transported to the extent of almost 10,000 billion tonne-kilometres (9.842 billion long ton-miles or 11.023 billion short ton-miles) per year, of which about one-third occurs in India and a quarter each in the United States and China.
In ton-miles, railroads annually move more than 25% of the United States' freight and connect businesses with each other across the country and with markets overseas. [15] In 2018, US rail freight had a transport energy efficiency of 473 ton-miles per gallon of fuel. [21]
Many shipping services, especially air carriers, use dimensional weight for calculating the price, which takes into account both weight and volume of the cargo. For example, bulk coal long-distance rates in America are approximately 1 cent/ton-mile. [2] So a 100 car train, each carrying 100 tons, over a distance of 1000 miles, would cost $100,000.
Per Deutsche Bahn calculations, the energy used per 100 seat-km is the equivalent of 0.33 litres (12 imp fl oz) of gasoline (0.33 litres per 100 kilometres (860 mpg ‑imp; 710 mpg ‑US)). [87] [88] The data also reflects the weight of the train per passenger.
Outside the U.S., a common limit for railways is 8 tonnes per metre (8.1 short ton/yd; 7.2 long ton/yd) train length and 22.5 tonnes (22.1 long tons; 24.8 short tons) per axle. A four axle container car can take 90 tonnes (99.2 short tons; 88.6 long tons).
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