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Ionometallurgy makes use of non-aqueous ionic solvents such ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which allows the development of closed-loop flow sheet to effectively recover metals by, for instance, integrating the metallurgical unit operations of leaching and electrowinning.
Ionic liquids' low volatility effectively eliminates a major pathway for environmental release and contamination. Ionic liquids' aquatic toxicity is as severe as or more so than many current solvents. [65] [66] [67] Ultrasound can degrade solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to relatively innocuous ...
Anionic liquids include halides, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, and nitrate. Bubalo et al. (2015) argue that ionic liquids are non-flammable, and chemically, electrochemically and thermally stable. [16] These properties allow for ionic liquids to be used as green solvents, as their low volatility limits VOC emissions compared to
An Ion gel (or Ionogel) is a composite material consisting of an ionic liquid immobilized by an inorganic or a polymer matrix. [1] [2] [3] The material has the quality of maintaining high ionic conductivity while in the solid state. To create an ion gel, the solid matrix is mixed or synthesized in-situ with an ionic liquid.
Deep eutectic solvents or DESs are solutions of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases which form a eutectic mixture. [1] Deep eutectic solvents are highly tunable through varying the structure or relative ratio of parent components and thus have a wide variety of potential applications including catalytic, separation, and electrochemical processes.
Ionic liquids have been shown to have prowess for use in rechargeable batteries. The electrolyte is pure molten salt with no added solvent, which is accomplished by using a salt having a room temperature liquid phase. This causes a highly viscous solution, and is typically made with structurally large salts with malleable lattice structures. [37]
Solid-state ionics is the study of ionic-electronic mixed conductor and fully ionic conductors (solid electrolytes) and their uses. Some materials that fall into this category include inorganic crystalline and polycrystalline solids, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites.
Industrial waste may be solid, semi-solid or liquid in form. It may be hazardous waste (some types of which are toxic) or non-hazardous waste. Industrial waste may pollute the nearby soil or adjacent water bodies, and can contaminate groundwater, lakes, streams, rivers or coastal waters. [1]