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Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue. It normally occurs in the formation of bone, but calcium can be deposited abnormally in soft tissue, [1] [2] causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification. [3]
In contrast, dystrophic calcification is caused by abnormalities or degeneration of tissues [2] [3] resulting in mineral deposition, though blood levels of calcium remain normal. These differences in pathology also mean that metastatic calcification is often found in many tissues throughout a person or animal, whereas dystrophic calcification ...
Structurally, pulp stones can be classified as true and false pulp stones. True pulp stones are made up of dentine that is lined by odontoblast. True pulp stones are quite rare. On the other hand, false pulp stones are made up of concentric layers of mineralised tissue around blood thrombi, collagen fibres, or dying and dead cells.
A calculus (pl.: calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body. Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis (/ ˌ l ɪ ˈ θ aɪ ə s ɪ s /). Stones can cause a number of medical conditions.
Granulation tissue is composed of tissue matrix supporting a variety of cell types, [3] most of which can be associated with one of the following functions: formation of extracellular matrix; operation of the immune system; vascularisation; An excess of granulation tissue (caro luxurians) is informally referred to as hypergranulation or "proud ...
Conditions that cause rouleaux formation include infections, multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, inflammatory and connective tissue disorders, and cancers. It also occurs in diabetes mellitus and is one of the causative factors for microvascular occlusion in diabetic retinopathy.
Caseous necrosis in the kidney. In caseous necrosis no histological architecture is preserved (unlike with coagulative necrosis). [5] [6] On microscopic examination with H&E staining, the area is acellular, characterised by amorphous, roughly granular eosinophilic debris of now dead cells, [6] also containing interspearsed haematoxyphilic remnants of cell nucleus contents. [5]
Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become inflamed, which may occur when the urine becomes too concentrated or when the body becomes dehydrated. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium crystallize into the stones, which then can cause such symptoms as lower back or abdominal pain or difficulty with urination.