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Codon usage bias in Physcomitrella patens. Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. A codon is a series of three nucleotides (a triplet) that encodes a specific amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain or for the termination of translation (stop codons).
The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) [1] is the most widespread technique for analyzing codon usage bias.As opposed to other measures of codon usage bias, such as the 'effective number of codons' (Nc), which measure deviation from a uniform bias (null hypothesis), CAI measures the deviation of a given protein coding gene sequence with respect to a reference set of genes.
Effective number of codons (abbreviated as ENC or Nc) is a measure to study the state of codon usage biases in genes and genomes. [1] The way that ENC is computed has obvious similarities to the computation of effective population size in population genetics . [ 2 ]
Other export options include the current timetree calibrations, analysis summary, partition list, and pairwise distances. [40] The tree explorer also provide options to save the current tree display in an image format or to the clipboard under the image menu option. The image format supported are BMP, PNG, PDF, SVG, TIFF, and EMF. [41]
This table is found in both DNA Codon Table and Genetic Code (And probably a few other places), so I'm pulling it out so it can be common. By default it's the DNA code (using the letter T for Thymine); use template parameter "T=U" to make it the RNA code (using U for Uracil). See also Template:Inverse codon table
A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. [1] [2] The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. [2] [3] The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of ...
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Mesquite is software for evolutionary biology, designed to help biologists analyze comparative data about organisms. Its emphasis is on phylogenetic analysis, but some of its modules concern comparative analyses or population genetics, while others do non-phylogenetic multivariate analysis.