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The Middle Passage was the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans [1] were forcibly transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods (first side of the triangle), which were then traded for slaves with rulers of African states ...
Middle Passage (1990) is a historical novel by American writer Charles R. Johnson about the final voyage of an illegal American slave ship on the Middle Passage.Set in 1830, it presents a personal and historical perspective of the illegal slave trade in the United States, telling the story of Rutherford Calhoun, a freed slave who sneaks aboard a slave ship bound for Africa in order to escape a ...
In this circuit the sea lane west from Africa to the West Indies (and later, also to Brazil) was known as the Middle Passage; its cargo consisted of abducted or recently purchased African people. During the Age of Sail, the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents.
The history of the domestic slave trade can very clumsily be divided into three major periods: 1776 to 1808: This period began with the Declaration of Independence and ended when the importation of slaves from Africa and the Caribbean was prohibited under federal law in 1808; the importation of slaves was prohibited by the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War but resumed ...
Middle Passage won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in 1990, [14] making him the first African-American man to receive this prize since Ralph Ellison won in 1953. [15] Johnson's acceptance speech was a tribute to Ellison. Johnson received a MacArthur Fellowship or "Genius Grant" in 1998. [6]
In this book, he talked about the trade from when the ships first acquired captives from the African coast, through their treatment during the Middle Passage, to the time they were sold into hereditary bondage in the West Indies [5] In 1790 Alexander gave verbal evidence before a House of Commons Committee. Many of them were hostile toward him. [6]
"Middle Passage" follows the transatlantic slave trade and is focused on the events surrounding the mutiny on La Amistad in July 1839. [3] Hayden sought to redefine African-American history through his poem. [4] [5] The original version of the poem has some typographical errors and mistakes in how it was set. In revising the poem, Hayden made ...
His most famous book is The Middle Passage: White Ships/Black Cargo (1995). Feelings was the recipient of numerous awards for his art in children's picture books. He was the first African-American artist to receive a Caldecott Honor , [ 1 ] and was the recipient of a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1982. [ 2 ]