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Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour. Labour is a commodity that is supplied by labourers, usually in exchange for a wage paid by demanding firms.
Labor market segmentation is the division of the labor market according to a principle such as occupation, geography and industry. [ 1 ] One type of segmentation is to define groups "with little or no crossover capability", such that members of one segment cannot easily join another segment. [ 2 ]
A labor market area is a geographic area or region defined for purposes of compiling, reporting, and evaluating employment, unemployment, workforce availability, and related topics. It can be defined as an economically integrated region within which residents can find jobs within a reasonable commuting distance or can change their employment ...
The dual labour market (also referred to as the segmented labour market) theory aims at introducing a broader range of factors into economic research, such as institutional aspects, race and gender. [1] [citation needed] It divides the economy into two parts, called the "primary" and "secondary" sectors. The distinction may also be drawn ...
The labor force is the actual number of people available for work and is the sum of the employed and the unemployed. The U.S. labor force reached a record high of 168.7 million civilians in September 2024. [1] In February 2020, at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, there were 164.6 million civilians in the labor force. [2]
The primary labor market is a market that generally consists of high-wage paying jobs, social security, and longer-lasting careers, but others define it as jobs that "require formal education", but in addition to white collar jobs like teaching, accounting, and the law, it also includes the skilled trades like being a plumber or a photocopy repair technician. [1]
External numerical flexibility is the adjustment of the labour intake, or the number of workers from the external market. This can be achieved by employing workers on temporary work or fixed-term contracts or through relaxed hiring and firing regulations or in other words relaxation of employment protection legislation, where employers can hire and fire permanent employees according to the ...
The internal labor market is composed of many facets. The first is ILMs which consist of clusters of jobs related by the skills and capacities required for their successful performance. Second, the sets of skills required within one job cluster are similar, but different from those required in other job clusters.