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Earth's atmosphere photographed from the International Space Station.The orange and green line of airglow is at roughly the altitude of the Kármán line. [1]The Kármán line (or von Kármán line / v ɒ n ˈ k ɑːr m ɑː n /) [2] is a conventional definition of the edge of space; it is widely but not universally accepted.
Transatmospheric orbit (TAO): geocentric orbits with an apogee above 100 km and perigee that intersects with the defined atmosphere. [4] Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is defined as altitudes between approximately 100 - 450 km above Earth’s surface. [5] [6] Low Earth orbit (LEO): geocentric orbits with altitudes below 2,000 km (1,200 mi). [7]
Kittinger leaps from his gondola at 31.3 km (102,800 feet). Similar to skydiving , space diving is the act of jumping from an aircraft or spacecraft in near space and falling towards Earth . The Kármán line is a common definition as to where space begins, 100 km (62 mi) above sea level.
The first term in (3) on the right is the global mean of the exospheric temperature (of the order of 1000 K). The second term [with P 2 0 = 0.5(3 sin 2 (φ)−1)] represents the heat surplus at lower latitudes and a corresponding heat deficit at higher latitudes (Fig. 2a). A thermal wind system develops with the wind toward the poles in the ...
There are three main "bands" of orbit around the Earth: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). According to orbital mechanics, an orbit lies in a particular, largely fixed plane around the Earth, which coincides with the center of the Earth, and may be inclined with respect to the equator. The relative ...
A wide variety of sources [5] [6] [7] define LEO in terms of altitude.The altitude of an object in an elliptic orbit can vary significantly along the orbit. Even for circular orbits, the altitude above ground can vary by as much as 30 km (19 mi) (especially for polar orbits) due to the oblateness of Earth's spheroid figure and local topography.
Whether an object is visible depends significantly on the height above sea level from where it is observed. The Kármán line , at 100 kilometres (62 mi), is accepted by the World Air Sports Federation , an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics , as the boundary between the Earth's atmosphere ...
For Earth, atmospheric entry occurs by convention at the Kármán line at an altitude of 100 km (62 miles; 54 nautical miles) above the surface, while at Venus atmospheric entry occurs at 250 km (160 mi; 130 nmi) and at Mars atmospheric entry occurs at about 80 km (50 mi; 43 nmi).