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Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. [1] This condition is sometimes referred to as autonomic hyperreflexia. [ 2 ] Most cases of AD occur in individuals with spinal cord injuries. [ 3 ]
Dysautonomia, autonomic failure, or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This may affect the functioning of the heart , bladder , intestines , sweat glands , pupils , and blood vessels.
Autonomic dysreflexia is permanent, and occurs from Phase 4 onwards. It is characterized by unchecked sympathetic stimulation below the SCI (from a loss of cranial regulation), leading to often extreme hypertension , loss of bladder or bowel control , sweating , headaches , and other sympathetic effects.
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome that causes episodes of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system can manifest as increased heart rate, increased respiration, increased blood pressure, diaphoresis, and hyperthermia. [1]
Familial dysautonomia (FD), also known as Riley–Day syndrome, is a rare, [2] progressive, [3] recessive genetic disorder of the autonomic nervous system [2] that affects the development and survival of sensory, sympathetic, and some parasympathetic neurons in the autonomic and sensory nervous system.
Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is the development of symptoms when standing upright that are relieved when reclining. [1] There are many types of orthostatic intolerance. OI can be a subcategory of dysautonomia, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system [2] occurring when an individual stands up. [3]
Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is an uncommon, sporadic neurodegenerative condition marked by a steadily declining autonomic regulation. [3] Bradbury and Eggleston originally described pure autonomic failure in 1925. [4] Patients usually present with orthostatic hypotension or syncope in midlife or later.
Autonomic nervous system disorders (e.g., dysautonomia, multiple system atrophy) Epilepsy; Movement disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), [failed verification] and Tourette syndrome [failed verification] Sleep disorders (e.g., narcolepsy)