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Ringer's lactate solution is in the crystalloid family of medications. [5] It is isotonic, i.e. it has the same tonicity as blood. [2] Ringer's solution was invented in the 1880s; lactate was added in the 1930s. [4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6] Lactated Ringer's is available as a generic medication. [1]
Digoxin increased the risk of death in women by 23%. There was no difference in the death rate for men in the study. [38] Digoxin is also used as a standard control substance to test for P-glycoprotein inhibition. [39] Digoxin appears to be a peripherally selective drug due to limited brain uptake caused by binding to P-glycoprotein. [40] [41]
The percentage is a mass concentration, so a 5% glucose/dextrose solution contains 50 g/L of glucose/dextrose (5 g per 100 ml). This usage is imprecise but widely used, as discussed at Mass concentration (chemistry) § Usage in biology. Glucose provides energy 4 kcal/gram, so a 5% glucose solution provides 0.2 kcal/ml.
The level of digoxin for treatment is typically 0.5-2 ng/mL. [8] Since this is a narrow therapeutic index, digoxin overdose can happen. A serum digoxin concentration of 0.5-0.9 ng/mL among those with heart failure is associated with reduced heart failure deaths and hospitalizations. [9]
dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer's solution (intravenous sugar solution) D5NS dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%) (intravenous sugar solution) D5W, D 5 W dextrose 5% in water (intravenous sugar solution) D10W, D 10 W dextrose 10% in water (intravenous sugar solution) da da: give DAW dispense as written (i.e., no generic substitution)
Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, and has a mild saline taste. It is produced by fermentation of a sugar source, such as maize or beets , and then, by neutralizing the resulting lactic acid [ 4 ] to create a compound having the formula NaC 3 H 5 O 3 .