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Ringer's lactate has an osmolarity of 273 mOsm L −1 [14] and a pH of 6.5. [10] The lactate is metabolized into bicarbonate by the liver, which can help correct metabolic acidosis. Ringer's lactate solution alkalinizes via its consumption in the citric acid cycle , the generation of a molecule of carbon dioxide which is then excreted by the lungs.
[Glucose](mg/dl) D5W: 5% Dextrose 0 0 278 5000 2/3 D5W & 1/3 NS 3.3% Dextrose / 0.3% saline 51 51 185 3333 Half-normal saline: 0.45% NaCl 77 77 0 0 Normal saline: 0.9% NaCl 154 154 0 0 Ringer's lactate: Lactated Ringer 130 109 0 0 D5NS: 5% Dextrose, Normal Saline 154 154 278 5000
Ringer's solution is a solution of several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of creating an isotonic solution relative to the body fluids of an animal. Ringer's solution typically contains sodium chloride , potassium chloride , calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate , with the last used to buffer the pH .
Digoxin increased the risk of death in women by 23%. There was no difference in the death rate for men in the study. [38] Digoxin is also used as a standard control substance to test for P-glycoprotein inhibition. [39] Digoxin appears to be a peripherally selective drug due to limited brain uptake caused by binding to P-glycoprotein. [40] [41]
The level of digoxin for treatment is typically 0.5-2 ng/mL. [8] Since this is a narrow therapeutic index, digoxin overdose can happen. A serum digoxin concentration of 0.5-0.9 ng/mL among those with heart failure is associated with reduced heart failure deaths and hospitalizations. [9]
Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, and has a mild saline taste. It is produced by fermentation of a sugar source, such as maize or beets , and then, by neutralizing the resulting lactic acid [ 4 ] to create a compound having the formula NaC 3 H 5 O 3 .