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[6] [2] [21] [4] [7] Alogia (poverty of speech) and asociality (lack of social interest) are associated with DDM as well. [20] [7] Often however, a spectrum of DDM is defined encompassing apathy, abulia, and akinetic mutism, with apathy being the mildest form and akinetic mutism being the most severe or extreme form.
Dynamic decision making research uses computer simulations which are laboratory analogues for real-life situations. These computer simulations are also called “microworlds” [4] and are used to examine people's behavior in simulated real world settings where people typically try to control a complex system where later decisions are affected by earlier decisions. [5]
twice daily bib. bibe: drink bis bis: twice b.i.d., b.d. bis in die: twice daily AMA style avoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "twice a day") bis ind. bis indies: twice a day bis in 7 d. bis in septem diebus: twice a week BM bowel movement: commonly used in the United Kingdom when discussing blood sugar.
After accounting for those and other differences, the researchers calculated that the people who eschewed all multivitamins had the lowest risk of death during the first 12 years they were tracked.
Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release dosage) delivers a drug with a delay after its administration (delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release [ER, XR, XL] dosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage). [1]
First-pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and nitroglycerin) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin). [4] The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, [5] gastrointestinal wall enzymes, [6] [7] [8] bacterial enzymes [5] and hepatic enzymes.
That immediately gets the drug's concentration in the body up to the therapeutically-useful level. First day: 1000 mg; the body clears 100 mg, leaving 900 mg. On the second day, the patient takes 100 mg, bringing the level back to 1000 mg; the body clears 100 mg overnight, still leaving 900 mg, and so forth.
Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through different protein (dopamine receptor-interacting proteins) interactions. [1] The neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for dopamine receptors.