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United States (2012), the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals held sexual orientation to be a quasi-suspect classification, and determined that laws that classify people on such basis should be subject to intermediate scrutiny. [15] It was the first time a federal court had applied quasi-suspect classification in a sexual orientation case. [16]
The classes of offenses under United States federal law are as follows: ... Type Class Maximum prison term [1] Maximum fine [2] [note 1] Probation term [3] [note 2]
In modern constitutional law, the rational basis test is applied to constitutional challenges of both federal law and state law (via the Fourteenth Amendment).This test also applies to both legislative and executive action, whether those actions be of a substantive or procedural nature.
In U.S. constitutional law, when a law infringes upon a fundamental constitutional right, the court may apply the strict scrutiny standard. Strict scrutiny holds the challenged law as presumptively invalid unless the government can demonstrate that the law or regulation is necessary to achieve a "compelling state interest". The government must ...
Some commentators have referred to this investigation into the actual reasons for passing the law as "rational basis with bite". [2] The Court declined to grant intellectually disabled people status as a suspect or quasi-suspect class because they are a "large and diversified group" amply protected by state and federal legislatures.
Prior to New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen (2022), which rejected application of intermediate scrutiny to the right to keep and bear arms under the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, various federal and state laws restricting access to guns by certain people, laws that restrict or ban the acquisition or ...
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The murders and subsequent trials brought national and international attention to the desire to amend U.S. hate crime legislation at both the state and federal levels. [8] Wyoming hate crime laws at the time did not recognize homosexuals as a suspect class, [9] whereas Texas had no hate crime laws at all. [10]