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Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [ 15 ] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3 , often abbreviated as PhCH 3 , where Ph stands for the phenyl group.
Industrially, the diazonium method is reserved for 3-chlorotoluene. The industrial route to 2- and 4-chlorotoluene entails direct reaction of toluene with chlorine. The more valuable 4-chlorotoluene is separated from 2-chlorotoluene by distillation. Distillation cannot be applied to separating 3-chlorotoluene from 4-chlorotoluene. [2]
Production capacity of benzotrichloride was estimated at 80,000 tonnes for the year 2000. It is produced by the free radical chlorination of toluene, catalysed by light or radical initiators such as dibenzoyl peroxide. Mono- and di-chlorinated intermediates are observed as benzyl chloride and benzal chloride: [2] C 6 H 5 CH 3 + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 ...
The first four seem to be involved in the hydroxylation of toluene to benzyl alcohol. CYP2E1 seems to be the primary enzyme in the hydroxylation of toluene, accounting for roughly 44% of toluene metabolism; [1] however, there is a great deal of ethnic variability, in the Finnish population for example the primary enzyme is CYP2B6.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on toluene. MSDS sheets. Structure and properties. Structure and properties Index of refraction, n D: 1.4969 at 20 °C ...
Substance Formula 0 °C 10 °C 20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 50 °C 60 °C 70 °C 80 °C 90 °C 100 °C Barium acetate: Ba(C 2 H 3 O 2) 2: 58.8: 62: 72: 75: 78.5: 77: 75
Benzyl chloride is prepared industrially by the gas-phase photochemical reaction of toluene with chlorine: [3] C 6 H 5 CH 3 + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 CH 2 Cl + HCl. In this way, approximately 100,000 tonnes are produced annually. The reaction proceeds by the free radical process, involving the intermediacy of free chlorine atoms. [4]
Four trichlorotoluenes—the 2,3,4-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,5-, and 2,4,6- isomers—are produced in significant yields by treatment of toluene with three equivalents of chlorine in the presence of various Lewis acids. [1] These isomers result from the usual selectivity of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of substituted benzenes.