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The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (1988); a standard scholarly study. online; Bentley, George R. A History of the Freedmen's Bureau (1955) a scholarly history; online; Brazzell, Johnetta Cross. "Bricks without straw: Missionary-sponsored Black higher education in the post-emancipation era." Journal of Higher Education 63.1 (1992 ...
Slavery in the United States was abolished in mid 19th century and allowed for the establishment and push for education among black communities. Education varied in the North and the South yet prominent figures wrote speeches and fought for equal education. African Americans would battle for equality, rights, and inclusion with education as ...
Despite these Reconstruction amendments, blatant discrimination took place through what would come to be known as Jim Crow laws.As a result of these laws, African Americans were required to sit on different park benches, use different drinking fountains, and ride in different railroad cars than their white counterparts, among other segregated aspects of life. [8]
Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of primarily serving African Americans. [1]
Deep Like Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community 1831–1865. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Woodson, C.G. (1915). The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861: A History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
All were abruptly closed after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Collier-Blocker Junior College: Palatka: Florida: 1960 1964 Public One of eleven black junior colleges founded in Florida after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, in an attempt to show that separate but equal higher education facilities existed in Florida.
Restrictions on the education of black students were not limited to the South. [15] While teaching blacks in the North was not illegal, many Northern states, counties, and cities barred black students from public schools. [16] Until 1869, only whites could attend public schools in Indiana and Illinois. [16]
Segregation laws were met with resistance by Civil Rights activists and began to be challenged in 1954 by cases brought before the U.S. Supreme Court. Segregation continued longstanding exclusionary policies in much of the Southern United States (where most African Americans lived) after the Civil War. Jim Crow laws codified segregation. These ...