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Effective focal length (EFL) The effective focal length is the inverse of the optical power of an optical system, and is the value used to calculate the magnification of the system. [1] The imaging properties of the optical system can be modeled by replacing the system with an ideal thin lens with the same EFL. [2]
The effective focal length is nearly equal to the stated focal length of the lens (F), except in macro photography where the lens-to-object distance is comparable to the focal length. In this case, the magnification factor ( m ) must be taken into account: f = F ⋅ ( 1 + m ) {\displaystyle f=F\cdot (1+m)}
For example, binocular vision, which is the basis for stereopsis and is important for depth perception, covers 114 degrees (horizontally) of the visual field in humans; [7] the remaining peripheral ~50 degrees on each side [6] have no binocular vision (because only one eye can see those parts of the visual field). Some birds have a scant 10 to ...
The f-number N is given by: = where f is the focal length, and D is the diameter of the entrance pupil (effective aperture).It is customary to write f-numbers preceded by "f /", which forms a mathematical expression of the entrance pupil's diameter in terms of f and N. [1]
If the medium surrounding an optical system has a refractive index of 1 (e.g., air or vacuum), then the distance from each principal plane to the corresponding focal point is just the focal length of the system. In the more general case, the distance to the foci is the focal length multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium.
where is the focal length, is the distance from the lens to the object, and = as the distance of the object with respect to the front focal point. A sign convention is used such that d 0 {\textstyle d_{0}} and d i {\displaystyle d_{i}} (the image distance from the lens) are positive for real object and image, respectively, and negative for ...
35 mm equivalent focal lengths are calculated by multiplying the actual focal length of the lens by the crop factor of the sensor. Typical crop factors are 1.26× – 1.29× for Canon (1.35× for Sigma "H") APS-H format, 1.5× for Nikon APS-C ("DX") format (also used by Sony, Pentax, Fuji, Samsung and others), 1.6× for Canon APS-C format, 2× for Micro Four Thirds format, 2.7× for 1-inch ...
For the popular 35 mm film format, typical focal lengths of fisheye lenses are 8–10 mm for circular images, and 12–18 mm for diagonal images filling the entire frame. For digital cameras using smaller imagers such as 1/4 in and 1/3 in format CCD or CMOS sensors, the focal length of "miniature" fisheye lenses can be as short as 1–2 mm.