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Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), formerly known as Steno-Fallot tetralogy, [9] is a congenital heart defect characterized by four specific cardiac defects. [4] Classically, the four defects are: [ 4 ] pulmonary stenosis , which is narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle;
The Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt (BTT shunt), [1] previously known as the Blalock–Taussig Shunt (BT shunt), [2] is a surgical procedure used to increase blood flow to the lungs in some forms of congenital heart disease [3] such as pulmonary atresia and tetralogy of Fallot, which are common causes of blue baby syndrome. [3]
Ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), and tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) are the most common congenital heart defects seen in the VACTERL association. [19] Less common defects in the association are persistent truncus arteriosus and transposition of the great arteries .
4 Tetra- prefix: Tetralogy of Fallot; 5 Words: Total anomalous pulmonary venous return; A mainstem intubation with an endotracheal tube can lead to right-to-left shunting. [citation needed] This occurs when the tip of the endotracheal tube is placed beyond the carina. In this way only one lung is oxygenated and oxygen-poor blood from the non ...
The collaterals continue to grow, and can become the main supply of blood to the lungs. Though it is usually associated with congenital heart diseases with decreased pulmonary blood flow, like tetralogy of Fallot or pulmonary atresia, it may be seen sometimes in isolation (i.e. not associated with any congenital heart disease).
The condition has been called a severe form of Tetralogy of Fallot. [18] [19] [9] [20] [21] [12] [11] If deformed blood vessels coming from the thoracic aorta appear alongside this condition, the phenotype is renamed to pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collaterals. [22]
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.
The most typical form of APVS is a tetralogy of Fallot variant, [4] however, case studies have linked APVS to several different congenital cardiac syndromes, such as agenesis of ductus arteriosus, [5] persistent ductus arteriosus, [6] atrioventricular septal defect, [7] pulmonary branching abnormalities, [8] [9] transposition of the great arteries, [10] and type B interrupted aortic arch. [11]