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  2. Flow visualization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_visualization

    Flow visualization is the art of making flow patterns visible. Most fluids (air, water, etc.) are transparent, thus their flow patterns are invisible to the naked eye without methods to make them this visible. Historically, such methods included experimental methods.

  3. Computational fluid dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics

    A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around the Space Shuttle during re-entry A simulation of the Hyper-X scramjet vehicle in operation at Mach-7. The fundamental basis of almost all CFD problems is the Navier–Stokes equations, which define many single-phase (gas or liquid, but not both) fluid flows.

  4. Image-based flow visualization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image-based_flow_visualization

    Image-based flow visualization where a grid image is advected by the flow field. In scientific visualization, image-based flow visualization (or visualisation) is a computer modelling technique developed by Jarke van Wijk [1] to visualize two dimensional flows of liquids such as water and air, like the wind movement of a tornado. Compared with ...

  5. Particle image velocimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_image_velocimetry

    Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical flow measurement technique used to study fluid flow patterns and velocities. PIV has found widespread applications in various fields of science and engineering, including aerodynamics, combustion, oceanography, and biofluids.

  6. Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier–Stokes_existence...

    In mathematics, the Navier–Stokes equations are a system of nonlinear partial differential equations for abstract vector fields of any size. In physics and engineering, they are a system of equations that model the motion of liquids or non-rarefied gases (in which the mean free path is short enough so that it can be thought of as a continuum mean instead of a collection of particles) using ...

  7. Flow (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a flow formalizes the idea of the motion of particles in a fluid. Flows are ubiquitous in science, including engineering and physics. The notion of flow is basic to the study of ordinary differential equations. Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time.

  8. Boundary layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_layer

    Laminar boundary layer flow. The laminar boundary is a very smooth flow, while the turbulent boundary layer contains swirls or "eddies." The laminar flow creates less skin friction drag than the turbulent flow, but is less stable. Boundary layer flow over a wing surface begins as a smooth laminar flow.

  9. Schlieren photography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren_photography

    Schlieren photography is a process for photographing fluid flow. Invented by the German physicist August Toepler in 1864 to study supersonic motion, it is widely used in aeronautical engineering to photograph the flow of air around objects.