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Homocysteine is a non-protein amino acid, synthesized from methionine and either recycled back into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of the B-group vitamins [citation needed]. About 50% of homocysteine [ citation needed ] is converted back to methionine by remethylation via the methionine synthase major pathway.
Total plasma homocysteine. Homocysteine levels typically are higher in men than women, and increase with age. [15] [16] Common levels in Western populations are 10 to 12 μmol/L, and levels of 20 μmol/L are found in populations with low B-vitamin intakes or in the elderly (e.g., Rotterdam, Framingham). [17] [18]
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“Supplements, in the U.S. at least, are not supposed to have more than the UL in any single dose,” Slavin says. “But you could take 10 doses—we can’t control that.”
If B 12 is absent, the forward reaction of homocysteine to methionine does not occur, homocysteine concentrations increase, and the replenishment of tetrahydrofolate stops. [139] Because B 12 and folate are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, hyperhomocysteinuria is a non-specific marker of deficiency.
The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B 12 and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production. [medical citation needed] In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B 12, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies. [8] [unreliable medical source?
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However, low vitamin B 12 status in combination with high folic acid intake, in addition to the previously mentioned neuropathy risk, appeared to increase the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. [105] Long-term use of folic acid dietary supplements in excess of 1,000 μg/day has been linked to an increase in prostate cancer risk. [13]