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While sources agree about the identity of four of the five ingredients of anointing oil, the identity of the fifth, kaneh bosem, has been a matter of debate.The Bible indicates that it was an aromatic cane or grass, which was imported from a distant land by way of the spice routes, and that a related plant grows in Israel (kaneh bosem is referenced as a cultivated plant in the Song of Songs 4:14.
It is not known exactly what plant was used to produce the biblical oil. According to one theory, it is the plant Commiphora opobalsamum - a small shrub, 10 to 12 feet high, with wandlike, spreading branches. The oil extracted from the seeds or branches of this plant has been used as a medicine, but more commonly as incense or perfumed oil.
Coriander oil; Costmary oil (bible leaf oil), formerly used medicinally in Europe; still used as such in southwest Asia. [8] Discovered to contain up to 12.5% of the toxin β-thujone. [9] Costus root oil; Cranberry seed oil, equally high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, primarily used in the cosmetic industry. Cubeb oil, used to flavor foods.
Commiphora gileadensis, identified by some as the ancient balm of Gilead, in the Botanical gardens of Kibutz Ein-Gedi Branches and fruit of a Commiphora gileadensis shrub. In the Bible, balsam is designated by various names: בֹּשֶׂם (bosem), בֶּשֶׂם (besem), צֳרִי (ẓori), נָטָף (nataf), which all differ from the terms used in rabbinic literature.
"Bdellium" is the common English translation in the Bible for the Hebrew bedolach (בְּדֹלַח), which appears in Genesis 2:12 and Numbers 11:7. In Genesis, it is given as a product of Havilah, where it is listed along with other precious items gold and onyx. [11]
Stacte might have been the sweetly fragrant resin that used to exude spontaneously from Amyris kataf, the bark of which, in other opinions, is the biblical "cinnamon". [87] or may have been the product of the cinnamon tree itself. Jules Janick writes: "Stacte; unknown, probably oil of cinnamon or cassia or aromatic gem resins." [88]