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Infertility is the inability of a couple to reproduce by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult. Exceptions include children who have not undergone puberty, which is the body's start of reproductive capacity. It is also a normal state in women after menopause.
Reproductive surgery in women has largely been complementary to other ART methods such as medication, except for in tubal infertility, where surgery remains the main treatment. [11] Although reproductive surgery has been most relevant for severe symptoms, there has been a strong interest in greater analysis surrounding this topic of research. [10]
Whether having varicocele surgery or embolization improves male fertility is controversial, as good clinical data is lacking. [9] There is tentative evidence that varicocelectomy may improve fertility in those with obvious findings and abnormal sperm; [ 4 ] however, this has a number needed to treat of 7 for varicocelectomy and 17 for embolization.
The Bradley method of natural childbirth (also known as "husband-coached childbirth") is a method of natural childbirth developed in 1947 by Robert A. Bradley, M.D. (1917–1998) and popularized by his book Husband-Coached Childbirth, first published in 1965. The Bradley method emphasizes that birth is a natural process: mothers are encouraged ...
Fernand Lamaze visited the Soviet Union in the 1950s, and was influenced by birthing techniques which involved breathing and relaxation methods. [3] The Lamaze method gained popularity in the United States after Marjorie Karmel wrote about her experiences in her 1959 book Thank You, Dr. Lamaze, as well as Elisabeth Bing's book Six Practical Lessons for an Easier Childbirth (1960).
Another way to look at costs is to determine the expected cost of establishing a pregnancy. Thus, if a clomiphene treatment has a chance to establish a pregnancy in 8% of cycles and costs $780, the expected cost is $9,400 to establish a pregnancy, compared to an IVF cycle (cycle fecundity 40%) with a corresponding expected cost of $46,800 ...
When pregnancy is considered such an important event in life, and considered a "socially unacceptable condition", it can lead to a search for treatment in the form of traditional healers and expensive Western treatments. [65] [69] The limited access to treatment in many areas can lead to extreme and sometimes illegal acts in order to produce a ...
When used to avoid pregnancy, the standard days method has been estimated [22] to have perfect-use efficacy of 95% and typical-use efficacy of 88%. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] These figures are based on a 2002 study in Bolivia, Peru, and the Philippines of women of reproductive age having menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days, [ 20 ] [ 23 ] : 505 and on a ...