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Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trúpanon, literally "borer, auger"), [1] [2] is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull.
Human skull with evidence of trepanation found at Monte Albán in Oaxaca, Mexico.. Trepanation in Mesoamerica has been practised by a number of pre-Columbian cultures in the Mesoamerican region, dating from at least the mid-Preclassic era (ca. 1500 BCE), and continuing up to the late Postclassic, or ca. 1200 CE.
Trepanging-related art work was consistent with the influx of missionaries into the area, as there was a greater demand for secular stories. The missionaries did not encourage the production of ceremonial stories, and they established clear regulations around the subject matter that was depicted and distributed.
The first trepanning procedure consisted of different types of tools and techniques: at the beginning the only material that was available for use, it was a sharp and carved rock. The development of The Hippocratic Corpus, written in the fifth century B.C., is the first written source that can be found about trepanning. The aim of the procedure ...
A skull showing evidence of trepanning. Prehistoric medicine is any use of medicine from before the invention of writing and the documented history of medicine.Because the timing of the invention of writing per culture and region, the term "prehistoric medicine" encompasses a wide range of time periods and dates.
Trepanning, the practice of drilling holes in the skull, was performed from prehistoric times to the early Middle Ages and then again during the Renaissance. [1] There is speculation that some of these operations were carried out on people who had mental disorders or epilepsy . [ 2 ]
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A trephine with a center pin can be seen on the left. Dr. John Clarke trepanning a skull, ca. 1664, in one of the earliest American portraits. Clarke has a trephine in his right hand.