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Fetoscopy is an endoscopic procedure during pregnancy to allow surgical access to the fetus, the amniotic cavity, the umbilical cord, and the fetal side of the placenta.A small (3–4 mm) incision is made in the abdomen, and an endoscope is inserted through the abdominal wall and uterus into the amniotic cavity.
Depending on the site in the body and type of procedure, an endoscopy may be performed by either a doctor or a surgeon. A patient may be fully conscious or anaesthetised during the procedure. Most often, the term endoscopy is used to refer to an examination of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, known as an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. [2]
A Storz endoscopy unit used for laryngoscopy exams of the vocal folds and the glottis Basil Hirschowitz , Larry Curtiss, and Wilbur Peters invented the first fiber optic endoscope in 1957. [ 18 ] Earlier in the 1950s Harold Hopkins had designed a "fibroscope" consisting of a bundle of flexible glass fibres able to coherently transmit an image.
Still photographs can be made during the procedure and later shown to the patient to help explain any findings. In its most basic use, the endoscope is used to inspect the internal anatomy of the digestive tract. Often inspection alone is sufficient, but biopsy is a valuable adjunct to endoscopy.
Endoclips have found a primary application in hemostasis (or the stopping of bleeding) during endoscopy of the upper (through gastroscopy) or lower (through colonoscopy) gastrointestinal tract. [1] Many bleeding lesions have been successfully clipped, including bleeding peptic ulcers , [ 4 ] Mallory-Weiss tears of the esophagus , [ 8 ...
It is commonly used to examine the uterus and fetus during pregnancy; this is called obstetric ultrasonography. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Abdominal ultrasound is commonly used in the setting of abdominal pain or an acute abdomen (sudden and/or severe abdominal pain syndrome in which surgical intervention might be necessary), in which it can diagnose ...
Often esophageal inlet patches causes no symptoms and are identified incidentally during upper endoscopy. [3] However, when present, symptoms may include difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia ), pain while swallowing ( odynophagia ), cough or globus sensation .
Upper endoscopy is used to evaluate for mechanical causes of obstruction. [2] Endoscopic findings may include a hiatal hernia, esophagitis, strictures, tumors, or masses. [ 2 ] Increased pressure at the LES over time may result in an epiphrenic diverticulum. [ 2 ]