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A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. [1] Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an ecosystem, a living cell, and, ultimately, for ...
Closed system: A system which can exchange energy (as heat or work), but not matter, with its surroundings. Complexity: A complex system is characterised by components that interact in multiple ways and follow local rules. A complicated system is characterised by its layers.
The term system is polysemic: Robert Hooke (1674) used it in multiple senses, in his System of the World, [7]: p.24 but also in the sense of the Ptolemaic system versus the Copernican system [8]: 450 of the relation of the planets to the fixed stars [9] which are cataloged in Hipparchus' and Ptolemy's Star catalog. [10]
The use of the term complex is often confused with the term complicated. In today's systems, this is the difference between myriad connecting "stovepipes" and effective "integrated" solutions. [17] This means that complex is the opposite of independent, while complicated is the opposite of simple.
Systems theory is manifest in the work of practitioners in many disciplines, for example the works of physician Alexander Bogdanov, biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, linguist Béla H. Bánáthy, and sociologist Talcott Parsons; in the study of ecological systems by Howard T. Odum, Eugene Odum; in Fritjof Capra's study of organizational theory; in the study of management by Peter Senge; in ...
Complex commonly refers to: Complexity , the behaviour of a system whose components interact in multiple ways so possible interactions are difficult to describe Complex system , a system composed of many components which may interact with each other
"Complex systems are, by any other definition, learning organizations." [18] Complexity Theory, KM, and OL are all complementary and co-dependent. [18] “KM and OL each lack a theory of how cognition happens in human social systems – complexity theory offers this missing piece”. [18]
Systems psychology is a branch of both theoretical psychology and applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience as complex systems. It is inspired by systems theory and systems thinking , and based on the theoretical work of Roger Barker , Gregory Bateson , Humberto Maturana and others. [ 1 ]