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  2. Botulism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism

    Fish that has been pickled without the salinity or acidity of brine that contains acetic acid and high sodium levels, as well as smoked fish stored at too high a temperature, presents a risk, as does improperly canned food. [citation needed] Food-borne botulism results from contaminated food in which C. botulinum spores have been allowed to ...

  3. Clostridium botulinum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum

    Unlike other clostridial species, C. botulinum spores will sporulate as it enters the stationary phase. [35] C. botulinum relies on quorum-sensing to initiate the sporulation process. [35] C. botulinum spores are not found in human feces unless the individual has contracted botulism, [36] but C. botulinum cannot spread from person to person. [37]

  4. Thermal death time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_death_time

    The D-value at an unknown temperature can be calculated knowing the D-value at a given temperature provided the Z-value is known. The target of reduction in canning is the 12- D reduction of C. botulinum, which means that processing time will reduce the amount of this bacteria by a factor of 10 12 .

  5. Apple butter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_butter

    The heat used for this method of canning can be sufficient to kill bacterial cells found in the food. Only high-acid food with a pH of 4.6 or less can be processed using the boiling water bath method. This is because high-acid foods prevent the growth of spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which cannot be killed by boiling. Foods ...

  6. Talk:Clostridium botulinum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Clostridium_botulinum

    Clostridium botulinum is a soil bacterium. The spores can survive in most environments and are very hard to kill. They can survive the temperature of boiling water at sea level, thus many foods are canned with a pressurized boil that achieves an even higher temperature, sufficient to kill the spores.NOT!

  7. Is It Safe to Use Expired Vitamins? The Truth About Vitamin ...

    www.aol.com/vitamins-expire-nutritionists-weigh...

    How can you tell if they’re safe past their expiration dates? Here, doctors explain how long most vitamins last and any risks associated with taking expired vitamins.

  8. D-value (microbiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-value_(microbiology)

    In microbiology, in the context of a sterilization procedure, the D-value or decimal reduction time (or decimal reduction dose) is the time (or dose of an antimicrobial drug) required, at a given condition (e.g. temperature) or set of conditions, to achieve a one-log reduction, that is, to kill 90% of relevant microorganisms. [1]

  9. Are Seed Oils Really Unhealthy? Dietitians Explain. - AOL

    www.aol.com/seed-oils-really-unhealthy...

    Seed oils, including peanut oil and sunflower oil, have been in the news a lot recently. Dietitians explain if seed oils are healthy, and health risks of them.