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The Government of India enacted the Transplantation of Human Organs Act in 1994 to curb organ trading and promote deceased organ donation. After facing a multi-billion rupee kidney scandal in 2008, an amendment was proposed in 2009 [11] and passed in 2011 to get rid of loopholes which previously made illegal organ trading possible.
The Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994 is the Law enacted by the Parliament of India and introduced by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare dated 4 February 1994, which deals with the transplantation and donation of 11 human organs and tissues of an alive donor or deceased person. [1]
In India, women constitute 74% of kidney donors and 60.5% of liver donors. Additionally, the number of female organ recipients is conspicuously lower than that of male recipients. In the U.S., 35% of liver recipients and 39% of kidney recipients are women. In India, the figures are 24% and 19% respectively. [170]
The donor kidney will be placed in the lower abdomen and its blood vessels connected to arteries and veins in the recipient's body. When this is complete, blood will be allowed to flow through the kidney again. The final step is connecting the ureter from the donor kidney to the bladder. In most cases, the kidney will soon start producing urine.
India, with a population of more than one billion, lags far behind western nations like Spain, United States, and United Kingdom in national deceased organ donation, with a rate of 0.34 per million population. Tamil Nadu has a deceased organ donation rate of 1.8 per million population, which is seven times higher than the national average. [1]
Donor cards express one's desire to donate organs after death and have been used by MOHAN Foundation to create awareness and get organ pledges. Over a million such cards in English and regional Indian languages (Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi) [46] have been distributed by the foundation in over a decade.
A study of Indian donors found that while 96% of donors sold a kidney to pay off debts, 75% still required operative care that is not provided by the buyer. [77] Donors in all countries often report weakness after surgery that leads to decreased employment opportunities, especially for those who make a living through physical labor. [77]
However, the popularity of living, single kidney donors in India yields a cadaveric donor prevalence of less than 1 per million population. India has a very low donation rate, as compared to the world average, despite the fact, that it ranks third among the countries with largest transplantation activities. [104]