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Data available until 2011 for fuel oil sales to the international marine shipping sector reports 207.5 million tonnes total fuel oil sales with HFO accounting for 177.9 million tonnes. [9] Marine vessels can use a variety of different fuels for the purpose of propulsion, which are divided into two broad categories: residual oils or distillates.
For diesel engines it depends on the type of fuel, for distillate fuels the cetane numbers are used. Cetane numbers are tested using a special test engine and the existing engine was not made for residual fuels. For residual fuel oil two other empirical indexes are used: CCAI and Calculated Ignition Index (CII).
Both CII and CCAI are calculated from the density and kinematic viscosity of the fuel. CII was developed by BP to calculate the autoignition capacity of heavy fuel oils (HFO). It is calculated using the measured kinematic viscosity V (cSt or mm 2 /s) of a given fuel determined at temperature t (°C) and the density ρ 15 at 15°C (kg/m 3). [1]
Number 5 fuel oil is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77–104 °C (171–219 °F) for proper atomization at the burners. [8] It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut, [7] or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without preheating. [8]
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Marine diesel oil (MDO) is a type of distillate diesel oil. Marine diesel oil is also called distillate marine diesel. [1] MDO is widely used by medium speed and medium/high speed marine diesel engines. It is also used in the larger low speed and medium speed propulsion engine which normally burn residual fuel. [1]
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste or commercial waste. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition:
Residual oil is oil found in low concentrations naturally or in exhausted oil fields. Often mixed with water, it cannot be recovered by conventional techniques. However, part of it can be recovered using carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 EOR) which involves injecting carbon dioxide into the well reducing viscosity and enhancing flow of the oil.