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β-blockers can be selective for either β 1, β 2 adrenergic receptor, or to be non-selective. By blocking β 1 receptor it is possible to reduce heart rate, conduction of velocity and contractility. The blocking of β 2 receptor promotes vascular smooth muscle contraction, which results in increase of peripheral resistance. [13]
Beta blockers vary in their lipophilicity (fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and exert effects in the central nervous system. [76] Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects ...
The cardio-selective beta-1 blockers could cause adverse effects including bradycardia, reduced exercise ability, hypotension, atrioventricular nodal blockage and heart failure. [5] Other possible adverse effects include nausea and vomiting , abdominal discomfort , dizziness , weakness , headache , fatigue , and dryness in mouth and eye . [ 5 ]
Non-selective beta-blockers should be avoided in people with asthma or bronchospasm as they may cause exacerbations and worsening of symptoms. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] β 1 selective beta-blockers like bisoprolol have not been shown to cause an increase in asthma exacerbations, [ 28 ] and may be cautiously tried in those with controlled, mild-to ...
It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. [2] Propranolol was patented in 1962 and approved for medical use in 1964. [9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [10] Propranolol is available as a generic medication. [2]
It is also a adrenergic blocker with no partial agonist action and minimal membrane stabilizing activity. [2] Being selective for beta 1 receptors, it typically has fewer systemic side effects than non-selective beta-blockers, for example, not causing bronchospasm (mediated by beta 2 receptors) as timolol may.
Four of the stereoisomers of nadolol. Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker; that is, it non-selectively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.It has a preference for beta-1 receptors, which are predominantly located in the heart, thereby inhibiting the effects of catecholamines and causing a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure.
A Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist (β 2-adrenoceptor antagonist) is an adrenergic antagonist which blocks the beta-2 adrenergic receptors of cells, with either high specificity (an antagonist which is selective for β 2 adrenoceptors) like Butaxamine and ICI-118,551, or non-specifically (an antagonist for β 2 and for β 1 or β 3 adrenoceptors) like the non-selective betablocker Propranolol.