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Studies of liquefaction features left by prehistoric earthquakes, called paleoliquefaction or paleoseismology, can reveal information about earthquakes that occurred before records were kept or accurate measurements could be taken. [21] Soil liquefaction induced by earthquake shaking is a major contributor to urban seismic risk.
Soil liquefaction was blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, Indonesia in October 2018. [7] In a related phenomenon, liquefaction of bulk materials in cargo ships may cause a dangerous shift in the load. [8] [9]
Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders .
Paleoliquefaction is any liquefaction features attributed to seismic events occurring before measurements or written records were kept of earthquakes. [1] The study of these features can reveal a great deal about the seismicity of regions where large earthquakes happen infrequently. This is a subset of the broader field of paleoseismology.
Similar seismic phenomena, known as marsquakes and moonquakes, have been observed on other celestial bodies, indicating the universality of such events beyond Earth. Terminology An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves .
These earthquakes also caused the largest known sand boil in the world, which can still be found near Hayti, Missouri and is locally called "The Beach". [4] It is 2.3 kilometers long and covers 55 hectares. In the past few years, much effort has gone into the mapping of liquefaction features to study ancient earthquakes. [5]
Coseismic liquefaction induced by one of the 2012 Emilia, Northern Italy, earthquakes Secondary effects : mostly this is the intensity of the ground shaking (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, etc.). The importance of a tool to measure earthquake Intensity was already outlined early in the 1990s. [ 2 ]
ground shaking caused by earthquakes, which can destabilize the slope directly (e.g., by inducing soil liquefaction) or weaken the material and cause cracks that will eventually produce a landslide; [12] [18] [19] volcanic eruptions; [20] changes in pore fluid composition; [21] changes in temperature (seasonal or induced by climate change). [22 ...