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A single-domain antibody is a peptide chain of about 110 amino acids long, comprising one variable domain (V H) of a heavy-chain antibody, or of a common IgG.These peptides have similar affinity to antigens as whole antibodies, but are more heat-resistant and stable towards detergents and high concentrations of urea.
In a new development in the field of antibody-based therapeutics, the Fc region of immunoglobulins has been engineered to contain an antigen-binding site. [7] This type of antigen-binding fragment is called Fcab.
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A heavy-chain antibody is an antibody which consists only of two heavy chains and lacks the two light chains usually found in antibodies.. In common antibodies, the antigen binding region consists of the variable domains of the heavy and light chains (V H and V L).
Single-chain variable fragments lack the constant Fc region found in complete antibody molecules, and, thus, the common binding sites (e.g., protein G) cannot be used to purify antibodies.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. [1] Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts that affect their toxicity.
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Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. [1] Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies.