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In topology and in calculus, a round function is a scalar function, over a manifold, whose critical points form one or several connected components, each homeomorphic to the circle, also called critical loops. They are special cases of Morse-Bott functions.
At points of discontinuity, a Fourier series converges to a value that is the average of its limits on the left and the right, unlike the floor, ceiling and fractional part functions: for y fixed and x a multiple of y the Fourier series given converges to y/2, rather than to x mod y = 0. At points of continuity the series converges to the true ...
Since a single round is usually cryptographically weak, many attacks that fail to work against the full version of ciphers will work on such reduced-round variants. The result of such attack provides valuable information about the strength of the algorithm, [9] a typical break of the full cipher starts out as a success against a reduced-round ...
Many modern block ciphers and hashes are ARX algorithms—their round function involves only three operations: (A) modular addition, (R) rotation with fixed rotation amounts, and (X) XOR. Examples include ChaCha20, Speck, XXTEA, and BLAKE. Many authors draw an ARX network, a kind of data flow diagram, to illustrate such a round function. [22]
For intermediate values stored in digital computers, it often means the binary numeral system (m is an integer times a power of 2). The abstract single-argument "round()" function that returns an integer from an arbitrary real value has at least a dozen distinct concrete definitions presented in the rounding to integer section.
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A Feistel network uses a round function, a function which takes two inputs – a data block and a subkey – and returns one output of the same size as the data block. [1] In each round, the round function is run on half of the data to be encrypted, and its output is XORed with the other half of the data.
A round number is an integer that ends with one or more "0"s (zero-digit) in a given base. [1] So, 590 is rounder than 592, but 590 is less round than 600. In both technical and informal language, a round number is often interpreted to stand for a value or values near to the nominal value expressed.