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Supplementing these are two consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts, [21] and seven consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs Urdu).
For example, in the table below the locative and the accusative case is used in the same sentence, the word order is flexible because the markers for the locative and the accusative cases are different but in Hindustani, the marker for the accusative and the dative case are the same, which is ko for nouns and the oblique case pronouns or they ...
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a subset of the ISO 15919 standard, used for the transliteration of Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pāḷi into Roman script with diacritics. IAST is a widely used standard. It uses diacritics to disambiguate phonetically similar but not identical Sanskrit glyphs. For example, dental and ...
The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ḷ ...
The following table provides an approximate one-to-one mapping for Hindi-Urdu consonants, [18] especially for computational purposes (lossless script conversion). Note that this direct script conversion will not yield correct spellings, [ 19 ] but rather a readable text for both the readers.
In the middle or at the end of a word, ha indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples: ਚਾਹ [ʧaːh] is actually pronounced [ʧáː] Subscript ha also indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples: ਪੜ੍ਹ [pəɽʱ] is actually pronounced [pə́ɽ] The following conventions apply apart from at the beginning of a word:
Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), [9] commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script. It is the official language of India alongside English and the lingua franca of North India.
The word śūnya for zero was calqued into Arabic as صفر sifr, meaning 'nothing', which became the term "zero" in many European languages via Medieval Latin zephirum. [ 1 ] Variants