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  2. Genetic algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm

    Memetic algorithm (MA), often called hybrid genetic algorithm among others, is a population-based method in which solutions are also subject to local improvement phases. The idea of memetic algorithms comes from memes , which unlike genes, can adapt themselves.

  3. John Henry Holland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Holland

    John Henry Holland was born on February 2, 1929 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the elder child of [3] son of Gustave A. Holland (b. July 24, 1896, Russian Poland) and Mildred P. Gfroerer (b.

  4. Holland's schema theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland's_schema_theorem

    Holland's schema theorem, also called the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms, [1] is an inequality that results from coarse-graining an equation for evolutionary dynamics. The Schema Theorem says that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in frequency in successive generations.

  5. Genetic algorithms in economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithms_in...

    Genetic algorithms have increasingly been applied to economics since the pioneering work by John H. Miller in 1986. It has been used to characterize a variety of models including the cobweb model , the overlapping generations model , game theory , schedule optimization and asset pricing .

  6. Neuroevolution of augmenting topologies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroevolution_of...

    NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) is a genetic algorithm (GA) for the generation of evolving artificial neural networks (a neuroevolution technique) developed by Kenneth Stanley and Risto Miikkulainen in 2002 while at The University of Texas at Austin. It alters both the weighting parameters and structures of networks, attempting ...

  7. John Koza - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Koza

    John R. Koza is a computer scientist and a former adjunct professor at Stanford University, most notable for his work in pioneering the use of genetic programming for the optimization of complex problems.

  8. 15 Strange Facts You Never Knew About Your Money - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/15-strange-facts-never-knew...

    $2 Bills Are Often Considered Unlucky. The $2 bill was first printed in 1862. Interestingly, $2 notes were considered unlucky and unpopular throughout most of history.

  9. Evolutionary computation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation

    John Henry Holland introduced genetic algorithms in the 1960s, and it was further developed at the University of Michigan in the 1970s. [5] While the other approaches were focused on solving problems, Holland primarily aimed to use genetic algorithms to study adaptation and determine how it may be simulated.