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This subtype of bipolar disorder involves episodes of depression and episodes of elevated mood that don’t meet the full criteria for mania. These are known as hypomanic episodes (hypo means ...
Hypomania is also a feature of bipolar I disorder; it arises in sequential procession as the mood disorder fluctuates between normal mood (i.e., euthymia) and mania. Some individuals with bipolar I disorder have hypomanic as well as manic episodes. Hypomania can also occur when moods progress downwards from a manic mood state to a normal mood.
For most people with bipolar types 1 and 2, the depressive episodes are much longer than the manic or hypomanic episodes. [24] Since a diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires a manic or hypomanic episode, many affected individuals are initially misdiagnosed as having major depression and treated with prescribed antidepressants. [48]
A mixed episode is defined by the presence of a hypomanic or depressive episode that is accompanied by symptoms of the opposite polarity. This is commonly referred to as a mood episode with mixed features (e.g. depression with mixed features or hypomania with mixed features), but can also be referred to as mixed episodes or mixed states. [ 25 ]
A person can be manic or hypomanic, which is a less extreme form of mania, but both have the same symptoms. The person may be wired, jumpy or abnormally upbeat and confident, often with an ...
Bipolar I disorder requires confirmation of only 1 full manic episode for diagnosis, but may be associated with hypomanic and depressive episodes as well. [7] Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder does not include a full manic episode; instead, it requires the occurrence of both a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode. [7]
Mixed affective state – a state with traits of both mania and depression (e.g. irritability, low mood, suicidality, and racing thoughts at the same time) Hypomania – an episode of elevated mood, similar to mania with milder symptomatic severity; Major depressive episode – a mood episode with major depressive symptoms
Substance-induced mood disorders can have features of a manic, hypomanic, mixed, or depressive episode. Most substances can induce a variety of mood disorders. For example, stimulants such as amphetamine , methamphetamine , and cocaine can cause manic, hypomanic, mixed, and depressive episodes.