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Needle sharing is the practice of intravenous drug-users by which a needle or syringe is shared by multiple individuals to administer intravenous drugs such as heroin, steroids, and hormones. [1] This is a primary vector for blood-borne diseases which can be transmitted through blood (blood-borne pathogens). [ 2 ]
Impaired immunity due to diseases such as haematological malignancy, primary immunodeficiency, HIV/AIDS or critical illness, [18] including severe COVID-19 [17] [19] Presence of indwelling devices which breach natural defences, including endotracheal tubes , central venous catheters and urinary catheters .
The transfer of and exposure to bodily fluids, such as blood transfusions and other blood products, sharing injection needles, needle-stick injuries (when medical staff are inadvertently jabbed or pricked with needles during medical procedures), sharing tattoo needles, and childbirth are other avenues of transmission.
The risk from sharing a needle during drug injection is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%. [72] The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following mucous membrane exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act. [54]
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
The first symptoms of kidney failure are silent. Failing kidneys can’t remove extra fluid from the body, nor can they filter molecules like urea, which can be toxic in high dosages, from the blood.
The World Health Organization estimated that in 2000, 66,000 hepatitis B, 16,000 hepatitis C, and 1,000 HIV infections were caused by needlestick injuries. [4] [2] [7] In places with higher rates of blood-borne diseases in the general population, healthcare workers are more susceptible to contracting these diseases from a needlestick injury. [7]
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